In the central and southern Andes, for example, the Chupachos of Hu nuco numbered some 10,000, while the Lupacas on the west bank of Lake Titicaca comprised over 100,000.
The refined Chimu culture (700 AD) crafted gold and other metals into relics and built the mud-brick citadel of Chan Chan, near the northern coastal city of Trujillo.
The Chachapoyas culture (800 AD) made the best possible use of arable land and built their constructions on top of the highest mountains in the northern cloud forest. The vast Kuelap fortress is a fine example of how they adapted to their environment.