WRITING and EDUCATION
The Egyptians began to form a pictographic written language about 5000 years ago, which they continued to use for more than 3500 years, until about 400 AD. Eventually, the pictures they used to represent words came to represent sounds. These symbols, hieroglyphs, or “sacred inscriptions” were adapted for use in everyday life, in addition to their important religious/mystical identity.
Education was limited and narrow in scope.
Only rich males had access to education.
Education was almost always limited to religion.
Center of education was the city of Heliopolis.
After 400 AD, the Egyptian language was written in the Greek alphabet, with the addition of several extra letters to represent Egyptian sounds that didn’t exist in Greek. This form of Egyptian is called Coptic, and was in turn eventually replaced by Arabic, the language spoken in Egypt today. The ancient Egyptian tongue died out – only the hieroglyphics remain to remind us that it ever existed.
The development of Egyptian writing was among the first in history. Egyptian writing was known as Hieroglyphics (sacred writing). Hieroglyphics were made up of over 600 ideograms and phonograms. Two simpler forms of Hieroglyphics existed and were known as Hieratic and Demotic scripts. Hieroglyphics were written on a parchment made from a reed plant known as Papyrus.
The translation of Egyptian Hieroglyphics did not take place until the mid 19th century. Napoleon’s soldiers found a black basalt rock near the Egyptian city of Rosetta containing hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek writing. This stone was taken back to Paris and became known as the Rosetta Stone. Hieroglyphics were translated by Francois Champollion in 1826. This translation was the beginning of modern study of Egyptology.
In 1822 Jean Francois Champollion (1790-1832) made the decisive discovery concerning the decipherment of the hieroglyphs and became the founder of Egyptology. The multimedia project named after him and presented below aims to further the accessibility of collections of Egyptian objects in European museums for scholars, students and the interested public.
Jean-France Champollion
The ancient Egyptians were possibly the first civilization to practice the scientific arts. Indeed, the word chemistry is derived from the word Alchemy which is the ancient name for Egypt.
Where the Egyptians really excelled was in medicine and applied mathematics. But although there is a large body of papyrus literature describing their achievements in medicine, there is no records of how they reached their mathematical conclusions. Of course they must have had an advanced understanding of the subject because their exploits in engineering, astronomy and administration would not have been possible without it.
The Hieroglyphic Phonetic Alphabet
| Symbol | Meaning | English Sound |
 | vulture | short A, as in cat |
 | forearm | long A, as in table |
 | leg | hard B, as in big |
 | basket,hillside | hard C (K), as in call |
 | hobble rope | CH, as in children |
 | hand | hard D, as in dog |
 | two reed leaves | long E, as in lead |
| vulture | short E, as in met |
 | horned viper | F, as in flower |
 | pot stand | hard G, as in gap |
 | cobra | soft G, as in generous |
  | shelter, rope | H, as in he, who |
| reed leaf | short & long I, as in him, I’m |
| cobra | J, as in jelly |
 | basket, hillside | hard C or K, as in kind, Christmas, lack |
 | mouth | L, as in lisp, linger |
 | owl | M, as in milk, dumb |
 | water | N, as in none |
 | quail chick | long O, as in lose, moon |
| vulture | short O, as in brought, got |
 | stool | P, as in pretty |
| horned viper | PH, as in pharaoh |
| + | basket + quail | Q, as in queen |
| mouth | R, as in red |
 | folded linen | S, (soft C), as in silly, peace |
 | lake | SH, as in shilling |
 | loaf of bread | T, as in talk |
 | cow belly | soft TH, as in moth |
 | (not known) | hard TH, as in there |
| quail chick | short U, as in lull |
| + | reed + quail | long U, as in rule |
| horned viper | V, as in villain |
| quail chick | W, as in will, where, when |
| + | basket + linen | X, as in fox |
| reed leaf | short Y, as in yes |
| two reed leaves | long Y, as in tarry |
 | door fastening | Z sound, as in xylophone, zany |